|
|
|
Literature 480: Studies in Literature and
Culture
Cannibalism,
Consumerism, and the Cultures of Cruelty
fall 2005 Dr. Abby Coykendall acoykenda@emich.edu
Office Location: Pray-Harrold
Hall 603G ~ or email
for an appointment ~
|
Literature
480: Studies in Literature and Culture
Cannibalism,
Consumerism, and the Cultures of Cruelty
In this
class, we will investigate an especially horrific yet nonetheless especially
intriguing archetype that recurs throughout Western literature, whether that
literature be popular, canonical, mythological, or otherwise; namely,
cannibalism. From Jonathan Swift’s
“Modest Proposal” onwards, cannibalism has served as the trope of tropes to
epitomize human cruelty. It has also
served as the all too literal, all too human(e) justification for massive
amounts of brutality and bloodshed via colonization; cannibalism being, of
course, the quite contrived reason to exclude those of other races from the
human species. Ironically, it is only
by abdicating humanity from humanity itself that the West could requisition the
souls, bodies, and lands of purported savages and “cannibals” to the colonial
settlers in selfish pursuit of them.
However, along with excusing flagrant inhumanity within and against
humanity itself, cannibalism (or, at least, the allegation of cannibalism) has
continued to exert fascination in contemporary (and very trendy) fiction and
film, often serving as a salient allegory for the problem of evil. Think of William S. Burroughs’ Naked
Lunch, Thomas Harris’ Silence of the Lambs, Anne Rice’s Interview
with a Vampire, the real-life (and much romanticized) Jack the Ripper and
Jeffrey Dahmer, as well as countless other dollar dreadfuls and nightly
newscasts that unabashedly, yet ambivalently, spotlight the serial killer, the
substance abuser, or even the multinational corporation preying
indiscriminately on the best and the worst of humankind, all with such cavalier
yet calculated an abandon.
Ultimately,
whether it be in taking seriously the consumption (or threatened consumption)
of babies and pets in fairy tales and children’s literature (“Jack and the
Beanstalk,” “Hansel and Gretel,” Alice in Wonderland), or in frankly
examining the zombie-esque commodification of culture in twentieth-century
theory and cinema (Willy Wonka, Dawn of the Dead, as well as that
beloved “opium of the people” Karl Marx), we will consider not only how
violent, but also how versatile, this lone trope of cannibalism can be,
especially once given the critical, concerted, and creative attention of
bibliophiles like ourselves — reading being, no doubt, the one kind of
cannibalistic consumption that each and every one of us shares in equal and
exorbitant proportion. Along the way,
we will ask ourselves a single overriding question, albeit from multiple points
of view and in widely differing contexts: how does this trope of cannibalism
mediate questions of otherness, the distinctions between flesh and food, animal
and human, civilized and savage, and, most importantly, between “us” and
“them.”
Texts and Materials
The following books are available at Ned’s bookstore (http://www.nedsbooks.com/emu/;
483-6400; 707 W. Cross St.), although additional copies may be available at
other local bookstores:
|
|
|
v
Lewis Carroll, Alice’s
Adventures in Wonderland (Dover 1993; ISBN # 0486275434)
v
William S. Burroughs, Naked
Lunch (Grove 2004; ISBN # 0802140181)
Make
sure to get the same editions pictured above even if you purchase the books
online, where they may be significantly less expensive; otherwise, the
differing page numbers will make it difficult, if not impossible, for you to
follow along with class discussions.
The most reliable way to get the correct edition is to search by ISBN
number, a unique fingerprint of sorts for the book.
Most of
the required texts are located online in the Halle library’s Electronic
Reserves: http://reserves.emich.edu/. It is best to print out the Electronic
Reserve materials every few weeks in advance from the multimedia computers on
the first floor of the Halle library.
These computers are more likely to open the files (and to open them
quickly) than your own computer, and printing the materials from that location
will be entirely free. Technicians are
also nearby should you encounter any kind of problem.
Assessment
As indicated in the table below,
the participation grade is a substantial portion of your final grade — 20% — so
keep up with the reading, response, and groupwork assignments and make your
voice heard in class. The more
actively you participate in the class discussions and other collaborative
assignments, the more I can tailor the direction of course to your particular
concerns and interests.
|
20% |
Responses,
Homework, Groupwork, & Class Participation |
due dates: |
|
23% |
Essay
Exam I: Sections 1 & 2 (Mythology & Fairy Tales) |
October
12
|
|
25% |
Essay
Exam II: Sections 3 & 4 (Early Modern to Victorian Literature) |
November
16
|
|
15% |
Essay Exam III: Section 5 (Contemporary Pop Culture &
Literature) |
December 21 |
|
17% |
Six-Page
Critical Essay |
December 23 (11 AM) |
Response/participation points accumulate over the course of
the semester, serving as a barometer of your ongoing participation in the
class. The most common assignments are
in-class or homework responses (12 and 15 pts., respectively), notes from
ad-hoc groupwork (15 pts.) or from meetings with your base group (25 pts.), the
discussion question that you design with your base group (20 pts.), and the
culminating presentation (40 pts.). I
will also give credit for the outlines and essay questions that you construct
for the exams (15 pts.), as well as for extra-credit responses or peer reviews
of other students’ papers (12 pts.).
Assignments
Nothing is more vital for success in this class than
keeping up with, and actively engaging in, the reading assignments,
collaborative groupwork, and class discussions. Make sure to bring a copy of each text that we will be
discussing to class. You will
have to have read the assigned material, and have it on hand, when you work on
discussion or debate questions together with your peers. As with any university course, the homework
will take around two hours for every unit of class, so you can expect to spend
six hours each week completing the various assignments and readings.
Writing
Assignments
There will be a significant number of writing assignments:
intermittent but informal responses, three essay exams, and a short but
polished critical essay. The primary
difference between the responses and the essays is that with the responses, the
mechanical elements of writing do not matter in the least, and the goal is to
freely and openly express ideas; whereas, with the essays, the mechanical
elements of writing must be attended to very thoroughly and the goal is to
defend a focused argument clearly, coherently, and persuasively. The research essay, which will be six pages,
may be on one of the materials covered in class, or it can be on something else
if you talk with me and get permission in advance.
Collaborative
Groupwork
Guidelines on the semester-long collaborative groupwork
project will be available in the Electronic Reserves (ER) and online (http://people.emich.edu/acoykenda/480/project.htm). All in all, the project entails reading and researching one of the
course materials in advance, composing a series of discussion questions in
cooperation with the peers in your group, and presenting the materials to the
rest of the class. You will then serve
as an in-house expert on the materials for the other groups that will consider
your questions once the materials are actually assigned to the class as a
whole.
Essay
Examinations
In order to encourage critical
thinking about the material, the exams will be question driven as well. Although there will be some true-false
questions to ensure that you have read (and can recollect) the material, as
well as a few short-answer questions on particular points of interest raised
during the section, the bulk of the exam will consist of an essay question on a
particular topic of your own choosing, a topic that you will have identified on
your own in advance. In effect, you can
write on anything that you like so long as you can cover a certain proportion
of the material. You will be able refer
to an outline during the exams, but not to the texts themselves.
The third exam, which covers less material, will be
considerably less extensive than the other two exams. You will thus have more time to work on your critical essay,
which is due by the end of the term.
Academic Dishonesty
Plagiarism is a very serious offense against the Code of
Student Conduct. The general rule is
that if you use three or more words of another writer in a row without
enclosing those words in quotation marks and acknowledging your source, you are
guilty of plagiarism. Turning in a
paper that you wrote for another course for this course, i.e. recycling the
same words for double credit, also constitutes academic dishonesty at EMU.
With the internet, plagiarism is easy and tempting to do;
however, the internet also makes plagiarism that much more easy to catch and
document, so do not even think about doing it in this class or elsewhere. Any cheating on the exams or plagiarized
writing will automatically result in a failing, zero-percent grade for the
assignment.
Attendance
Because this course primarily consists of reading and
discussion — rather than facts, figures, or memorization — attendance is
crucial. My attendance policy is less
harsh than that of the English department as a whole, which automatically fails
students who miss more than two weeks of class. Instead, under my policy, after three absences (or, in
other words, after missing three weeks of class), your grade will start being
reduced dramatically, but not necessarily to a failing percentage if you have
otherwise done well. You thus may be
absent three times without penalty, but each absence after that
will result in a reduction of your final grade by one letter grade: that
is, the fourth class missed will turn a final grade of an A into a B; the
fifth, into a C; and so on.
The three allowable absences are for emergencies, so if you
ditch class three times, do not expect a reprieve from the rule if you become
ill or have other extenuating circumstances towards the end of the semester. If there is a documented emergency (a death
in the family, lost limb, prison term, &c.) at the end of the semester, I
will go out of my way to help in any way I can, including giving an incomplete,
supposing that you have otherwise kept up with the assignments, attended class
regularly, and finished a majority of the course.
Aside from the grade reduction, missing classes will hinder
your ability to do the assignments properly and promptly. We will do groupwork or in-class responses
almost every class period, and if you are absent for one of those classes (or
if you have not done the required reading), you will have to make up the
missing work. These assignments will be
more difficult, more time consuming, and much less interesting to do on your own.
If you are absent from class, contact a student from your
base group to fill you in on missed information before contacting me. However, if you have fallen behind in the
reading or have been absent for an extended amount of time, please feel free to
come see me in my office hours so that I can help you to get you back on
schedule.
There will be no official penalty for lateness. However, it can have several undesirable
consequences: you may miss crucial information (such as the extension of a deadline)
often covered in the first ten minutes of class, and of course you will likely
distract other students and myself while entering the room. It is your responsibility to ensure that
you have not been marked absent because you were absent at the beginning of the
class when I normally take attendance.
I cannot teach the class and keep track of incoming stragglers at the
same time.
Schedule
Section I: Cannibal Mythology
Week
One:
September 7
Introduce Class and Topic
Do Conjectural Response
Watch Surprise Film
Test Film with Conjectures
Week Two:
September 14 40
pgs.
Hesiod, Theogony,
Selections (4 pgs.)
Homer, Odyssey,
Book IX (7 pgs.)
Old
and New Testament, Selections (3 pgs.)
Artwork:
Francisco de Goya, Saturn Devouring
His Children (1824)
Fra Angelico, Last
Judgment (1432-35)
Theorists:
Freud, Totem and Taboo,
Selections (20 pgs.)
Lévi-Straus,
The Raw and the Cooked & Tristes
Tropiques,
Selections (6 pgs.)
Watch Film from
Mythological/Theoretical Points of View: Silence of the Lambs (118 min.)
Section II: Animal and Monster
Archetypes in Children’s Literature
Week
Three:
September 21 40
pgs.
Brothers
Grimm, “Hansel and Gretel” (8
pgs.)
Charles Perrault, Little
Red Riding Hood (4 pgs.)
Lewis
Carroll, Chapt. I-II, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (9 pgs.)
Theorist: Benjamin,
“Gloves,” One Way Street (1
pg.)
Coetzee, The Lives of the
Animals, Selections Part I (18 pgs.)
Watch Film: Disney Adaptations (Only Portions, Time Permitting)
Week
Four: September
28 46
pgs.
Lewis
Carroll, Chapt. III-VIII, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (35 pgs.)
Theorists:
Said, Orientalism, Selections
(4 pgs.)
Coetzee, The Lives of the
Animals, Selections Part II (7
pgs.)
Watch Film: Edward Said on Orientalism (40 min.)
Week
Five:
October 5 41
pgs.
Lewis
Carroll, Chapt. IX-XII, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (25 pgs.)
Theorists: Nancy Armstrong, “Occidental Alice,”
Selections (16 pgs.)
Watch Film: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Only Portions, Time Permitting)
** Review for Exam One
Week Six: October
12
Exam One
Theorist:
Marx, “The Working-Day,” Das
Capital (In-Class Selections)
Horkheimer &
Adorno, “Enlightenment as Mass Deception” (In-Class Selections)
Watch Film: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
(100 min.)
Section III: The Colonial
Context: Early Modern and Eighteenth-Century Literature
Week
Seven:
October 19 37
pgs.
Montaigne, “Of Cannibals,” Selections (1 pg.)
Shakespeare, The Tempest, Selections (1 pg.)
Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, Part IV, Selections (18 pgs.)
— “Modest Proposal” (7 pgs.)
— Battle of the Books (In-Class Selection)
Artwork:
America Awakens, Theodor Galle
(1580)
Salvador Dali, La
nostalgia del cannibale [Nostalgia of the cannibal] (1936)
Theorist: Elaine
Shohat, “Tropes of Empire” (4
pgs.)
Kristeva,
Powers of Horror, Selections (Optional
Reading, 6 pgs.)
Week
Eight:
October 26 37
pgs.
Equiano,
Ship Portion of Interesting Narrative (4 pgs.)
Defoe,
Robinson Crusoe, Selections (20
pgs.)
Theorists: Elaine Shohat, “Renegade Voices” (Optional Reading, 3 pgs.)
Peter Hulme, “Robinson Crusoe and
Friday” (7 pgs.)
Roxann Wheeler, “‘My Savage,’ ‘My Man’” (6 pgs.)
Watch Film: Adaptations of Robinson Crusoe
Section IV: Modernism &
Picturesque Primitivism in Nineteenth-Century Literature
Week
Nine:
November 2 41 pgs.
Melville,
Moby Dick, Selections (26
pgs.)
Dickens,
“The Lost Arctic Voyagers,” Household
Words (5 pgs.)
Theorist: Anne
McClintock, Imperial Leather (10
pgs.)
Watch Film: Cannibal Tours (documentary on Western tourism as cannibalism)
Week
Ten:
November 9 41 pgs.
Conrad,
Heart of Darkness, Selections (35
pgs.)
Theorists: Chinua Achebe on Conrad (6 pgs.)
** Review for Exam
Two
Section V: The Postmodern
Cannibal: From Social Revolution to Mass Consumption
Week
Eleven:
November 16
Exam
Two
Theorist:
Burke, Reflections on the Revolution
(In-Class Selections)
Marx,
Eighteenth Brumaire (In-Class Selections)
Jameson, “Cultural
Logic” (In-Class Selections)
Watch Film: Dawn of the
Dead
$ $ $ Thanksgiving Recess: November 23 $$$
Week
Twelve:
November 30 121 pgs.
Burroughs, Naked
Lunch (115 pgs.)
Theorist: Jameson, “Cultural Logic” (6 pgs.)
Week
Thirteen:
December 7 47
pgs.
Burroughs, Naked Lunch (40 pgs.)
Theorist: Horkheimer and Adorno, “Enlightenment as Mass Deception” (7 pgs.)
Week
Fourteen:
December 14 46
pgs.
Burroughs, Naked Lunch (41 pgs.)
Theorist: Amiri Baraka, Blues People (3 pgs.)
** Review for Exam
Three
Week Fifteen:
December 21
Exam Three
Related
Literature:
Students can write their final paper on one the following
texts if they prefer, or others relating to cannibalism if they give me advance
notice:
Mario
de Andrade, Macunaima
Oswald Andrade, “Cannibal Manifesto” (Anti-Imperialist, Latin Americanist
Surrealist Manifesto)
Antonin
Artaud, “The Man Suicided by Society” / Collected Works
Margaret
Atwood, Edible Woman
Poppy
Z. Brite, Exquisite Corpse
Edmund Burke, Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of
Our Ideas of the Sublime & Beautiful
Angela Carter, The Bloody Chamber
Raymond Chandler, The Big
Sleep
Wilkie Collins, The Moonstone
Maryse Condé, Histoire de la femme cannibale
Michael
Crichton, Eaters of the Dead
William
Diapea, Cannibal Jack: The True Autobiography of a White Man in the South
Seas
Arthur
Conan Doyle, Sign of Four
H.
Rider Haggard, King Solomon’s Mines
— She
Zora
Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God
Stephan
King, Cujo
— The Shining
Elizabeth
Kostova, The Historian
Andrew
Lang, Jack and the Beanstalk
Herman
Melville, Typee
Toni
Morrison, Beloved
Edgar
Allan Poe, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket
(http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA98/silverman/poe/frame.html)
Ann
Rice, Interview with a Vampire
Marquis
de Sade, 120 Days of Sodom
— Justine
— Philosophy
of the Bedroom
Maurice
Sendak, Where the Wild Things Are
Shakespeare,
The Tempest
Thomas
Harris, Red Dragon
— Silence of the Lambs
Bram
Stoker, Dracula
Jules
Verne, 20,000 Thousand Leagues under the Sea
Lu
Xun, “Diary of a Madman”
Related Films:
Students can also write their final paper on one the
following films if they prefer, or others relating to cannibalism if they give
me advance notice, supposing that they can find sufficiently academic research to
support a thesis:
20,000
Thousand Leagues under the Sea, dir. Richard Fleischer
Alien
series, dir.
Ridley Scott
American History X, dir. Tony Kaye
American Psycho, dir. Mary Harron
The Big Sleep, dir. Howard Hawks
C.H.U.D.
(“Cannibalistic
Humanoid Underground Dwellers”), dir. Douglas Cheek
Cronos, dir. Guillermo del Toro
Cujo,
dir. Lewis
Teague
Delicatessen, dir. Gilles Adrien
Dracula, dir.
Francis Ford Coppola / Wes Craven / Tod Browning
Eating
Raoul, dir. Paul
Bartel
The
Exorcist, dir.
William Friedkin
Fight
Club, dir. David Fincher
Freeway, dir. Matthew Bright (contemporary
adaptation of Little Red Riding Hood)
Frenzy, dir. Alfred Hitchcock (or any
other of his more famous flicks)
Fried
Green Tomatoes,
dir. Jon Avnet
The
Hunger, dir.
Tony Scott
Interview
with a Vampire, dir. Neil Jordan
Invasion
of the Body Snatchers (1956), dir. Don Siegel
Invasion
of the Body Snatchers (1978), dir. Philip Kaufman
Jack
the Ripper, dir.
Jess Franco
Jaws
series, dir.
Steven Spielberg
King
Kong, dir.
Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack
Living
Dead series,
dir. George Romero
No
Blade of Grass,
dir. Cornel Wilde
Parents, dir. Bob Balaban
Rocky
Horror Picture Show, dir. Jim Sharman
Seven, dir. David Fincher
The Shining, dir. Stanley Kubrick
Silence
of the Lambs, dir. Jonathan Demme
Soylent
Green, dir.
Richard Fleischer
The
Texas Chainsaw Massacre, dir. Tobe Hooper
The
Time Machine (2002,
1960)
The
Yes Men, dir. Dan Ollman et. al.
Bibliography:
Adams,
Percy. Travelers and Travel Liars,
1660-1800. Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1962.
Ames,
Michael M. Cannibal Tours and Glass
Boxes: The Anthropology of Museums.
Vancouver: UBC Press, 1992.
Andrade, Oswald de. “Cannibalist Manifesto.” 1928.
Latin American Literary Review 19 (1991): 38-47.
Arens,
W. Man Eating Myth: Anthropology and
Anthropophagy. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1979.
Askenasy,
Hans. Cannibalism: From Sacrifice to
Survival. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus
Books, 1994.
Barker, Francis, Peter Hulme, Margaret Iversen, Ed. Cannibalism and the Colonial World. New York: Cambridge UP, 1998.
Benedict, Ruth.
“The Uses of Cannibalism.” An
Anthropologist at Work: Writings of Ruth Benedict. Ed. Margaret Mead. New York: Equinox, 1959.
44-48.
Brown, Laura. Limits of the Human.
Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003.
Brown, Paula, and Doanld Tuzin, eds. The Ethnography of
Cannibalism. Washington, DC: Society for Psychological Anthropology, 1983.
Bruner, Edward M.
“Of Cannibals, Tourists, and Ethnographers.” Cultural Anthropology 4 (1989): 439-46.
Celestin, Roger.
“Montaigne and the Cannibals: Toward a Redefinition of Exoticism.” Cultural Anthropology 5 (1990):
292-13.
Clair,
Sarah. La cannibale. Paris: Flammarion, 1980.
Clemmer, Richard O.
“Ideology and Identity: Western Shoshoni ‘Cannibal’ Myth as
Ethnonational Narrative.” Journal of
Anthropological Research 52 (1996): 207-23.
Clifford, James. The
Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1988.
Conklin, Beth A. “‘Thus are our Bodies, Thus was our
Custom’: Mortuary Cannibalism in an Amazonian Society.” American Ethnologist 22 (1995):
75-101.
—— . “Consuming
Images: Representations of Cannibalism on the Amazonian Frontier.” Anthropological Quarterly 70 (1997):
68-77.
Cottom, Daniel. Cannibals and Philosophers: Bodies of
Enlightenment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2001.
Fiddes, Nick. Meat,
a Natural Symbol. New York:
Routledge, 1991.
Forbes, Jack. Columbus
and Other Cannibals: The Wétiko Disease of Exploitation, Imperialism and
Terrorism. New York: Autonomedia, 1992.
Forsyth, D. W. “The Beginnings of Brazilian Anthropology:
The Jesuits and Tupinamba Cannibalism.”
Journal of Anthropological Research 39 (1983): 147-78.
Fuss, Diana.
“Monsters of Perversion: Jeffrey Dahmer and The Silence of the Lambs.” Media Spectacles. Ed. Marjorie B. Garber, Jann Matlock, and
Rebecca Walkowitz. New York: Routledge,
1993. 181-205.
Girard,
René. Violence and the Sacred. Trans. Patrick Gregory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1977.
Grosz,
Elizabeth. Volatile Bodies: Toward a
Corporeal Feminism. Bloomington :
Indiana University Press, 1994.
Guest, Kristen, Ed.
Eating Their Words: Cannibalism and the Boundaries of Cultural
Identiy. Albany: SUNY Press, 2001.
Halberstam, Judith.
“Skinflick: Posthuman Gender in Jonathan Demme’s The Silence of the
Lambs.” Skin Shows: Gothic
Horror and the Technology of Monsters.
Durham: Duke UP, 1995.
161-77.
Harris, Marvin. Cannibals
and Kings. New York: Vintage, 1978.
—— . Good to Eat. New York: Vintage, 1985.
hooks, bell. “Eating the Other.” Back Looks: Race and Representations. Boston: South End, 1992. 21-39.
Johnson, Norris Brock. “Cannibals and Culture: The
Anthropology of Michel de Montaigne.” Dialectical
Anthropology 18 (1993): 153-76.
Kilgour, Maggie, From Communion to Cannibalism: An
Anatomy of Metaphors of Incorporation.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.
King, C. Richard.
“The (Mis)uses of Cannibalism in Contemporary Cultural Critique.” Diacritics 30.1 (Spring 2000):
106-123.
Lestringant, Frank.
Cannibals: The Discovery and Representation of the Cannibal from
Columbus to Jules Verne. Trans.
Rosemary Morris. Berkeley: U of
California P, 1997.
Lestringant,
Frank. Le cannibale: grandeur et
decadence. Paris: Perrin, 1994.
MacCannell, Dean.
“Cannibalism Today.” Empty
Meeting Grounds: The Tourist Papers.
New York: Routledge. 1992. 17-73.
Malinowski, Brownislaw.
Introduction. The Savage Hits
Back. By Julius E. Lips.
New Haven: Yale UP, 1937.
vii-ix.
Morris, Rosalind C.
“Anthropology in the Body Shop: Lords of the Garden, Cannibalism, and
the Consuming Desires of Televisual Anthropology.” American Anthropologist 98 (1996): 137-50.
Neill,
Anna. British Discovery Literature
and the Rise of Global Commerce. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
Nyamnjoh,
Francis B. “Cannibal Transformations:
Colonialism and commodification in the Sierra Leone Hinterland.” Magical Interpretations, Material
Realities: Modernity, Witchcraft and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa. Ed. Henrietta L. Moore and Todd Sanders.
O’Rourke, Dennis. Cannibal
Tours. Los Angeles: Direct Cinema,
1987.
Osborne, Lawrence.
“Does Man Eat Man? Inside the
Great Cannibalism Controversy.” Lingua
Franca April/May 1997: 28-34+.
Piersen, William D.
Black Legacy: America’s Hidden Heritage. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1993.
Perspectives on Embodiment: The Intersections of Nature and
Culture.
Ed. Gail Weiss and Honi Fern Haber.
New York: Routledge, 1999.
Ramos, Alcida.
“From Eden to Limbo: The Construction of Indigenism in Brazil.” Social Construction of the Past:
Representation as Power. Ed. George
C. Bond and Angela Gilliam. New York: Routledge, 1994. 74-88.
Root, Deborah. Cannibal
Culture: Art, Appropriation, and the Commodification of Difference. Boulder: Westeview, 1996.
Sanday, Peggy Reeves.
Divine Hunger: Cannibalism as a Cultural System. New York: Cambridge UP, 1986.
Sands, Peter. “‘A
Horrid Banquet’: Cannibalism, Native Americans, and the Fictions of National
Formation.” Diss. Binghamton U, 1996.
Seltzer, Mark.
“Serial killers I.” differences:
A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies.
5.1 (Spring 1993): 92-129.
—— . “Serial
Killers II: The Pathological Public Sphere.”
Critical Inquiry 22.1 (Autumn 1995): 122-49.
Shohat, Ella, and Robert Stam. Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media. New York: Routledge, 1994.
Peter Stallybrass and Allon White. “Bourgeois Hysteria and the
Carnivalesque.” The Cultural
Studies Reader. Ed. Simon
During. New York: Routledge, 1993.
Stam, Robert. Subversive
Pleasures: Bakhtin, Cultural Criticism, and Film. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 1989.
Stoler, Ann Laura. Carnal
Knowledge and Imperial Power.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
Stone, Harry. The Night Side of Dickens: Cannibalism,
Passion, Necessity. Columbus: Ohio State
University Press, 1994.
Tompkins, Jane. “At
the Buffalo Bill Museum — June 1988.” South
Atlantic Quarterly 89 (1990):
525-45.
Zwinger, Lynda.
“Blood Relations: Feminist Theory Meets the Uncanny Alien Bug
Mother.” Hypatia 7.2 (Spring
1992): 74-90.
Weismantel, Mary.
“White Cannibals: Fantasies of Racial Violence in the Andes.” Identities 4 (1997): 9-43.
Wilson, Kathleen. The
Island Race. New York: Routledge,
2002.